Spatial–temporal Changes and Protection Strategies of the Ecosystem Service Functions in Huanghe River

The spatial-temporal changes characteristics were analyzed based on long term data from 2011 to 2023. The driving factors and the countermeasures protection strategies were discussed. The results showed that the general changing trend of the ecosystem service functions in Huanghe River was promoting with obvious regional differences. Industrialization and urbanization have become the major driving forces. To strengthen ecological protection restoration, optimizing industrial structures, improve green and low-carbon development, and build ecological compensation mechanism would help to achieve the sustainable improvement and regional harmonious development.