Abstract: This study adopted the panel data of the sewage treatment to analyze the current situation of the sewage treatment in Guangzhou. The results showed that the capacity of the sewage treatment plant and drainage pipe length were in a rapid growth period. From the perspective of the whole city, the gap of sewage treatment capacity has gradually narrowed, but the development of sewage treatment capacity in various regions was still unbalanced and insufficient. Baiyun has the largest gap reaching 428000 tons/day. The low centralized collection rate of domestic sewage, the low urbanization rate and the low concentration of influent pollutants had become important factors restricting the efficiency of sewage treatment. As a result, the sewage treatment efficiency could not be brought into full play. Among the five cities, Guangzhou ranks first in terms of drainage pipe length and per capita drainage pipe length, but the designed treatment capacity and drainage pipe density of domestic sewage treatment plants are only at the midstream level. At the same time, the targeted countermeasures to improve the water environment quality in Guangzhou were explored, so as to provide a solid support for strengthening the water ecological environment protection in Guangzhou and fighting the battle of water pollution prevention and control during the 14th five year plan period.