Abstract: Based on the data of industrial wastewater discharge, industrial value added, GDP and other related data in Hunan Province and its cities and prefectures during 2011-2017, this paper used LMDI method to analyze the driving factors of the discharge of industrial wastewater in Hunan. The main conclusions were as follows: in 2011-2017, the discharge of industrial wastewater revealed a decreasing trend, and technical progress and industrial structure adjustment helped to reduce industrial wastewater discharge, while the income effect and population inflow promoted the increase of industrial wastewater discharge. The increase of the industrial wastewater discharge was mainly contributed by the Dongting Lake area, and the impact of the technological progress and the income effect on industrial wastewater discharge synchronized with that of the whole province, while the impact of industrial structure adjustment and population mobility differed from region to region. The suggestions were pointed out to strengthen technological innovation, adjust the industrial structure continuously, guide the transformation and upgrading of household consumption, accelerate migration between cities and between urban and rural areas, and take measures according to local conditions.