Abstract: Poverty-stricken mountainous areas in the western Yunnan are the main regions for national poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. Most of these areas are located in the sources area of drinking water and large rivers. The regional ecological environment is highly sensitive and faces the dual challenges of poverty eradication and environmental protection. Based on the experience of poverty alleviation in villages, the problems of water environmental protection in the rural areas of the western Yunnan in the poverty eradication and rural revitalization strategy context were examined, and the corresponding governance suggestions were put forward.